Minimally invasive methods for implanting a sacral stimulation lead

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for implanting a neural stimulation lead in a patient&#39;s body are described. A lead assembly comprises a pointed-tip stylet, a stimulation lead, and an optional tube to deploy a fixation element attached to the lead. One embodiment of the implant methods starts with inserting the pointed-tip lead assembly directly into tissue. After the desired implant position is determined, the pointed-tip component is separated from the stimulation lead and removed from the tissue, leaving the stimulation lead implanted. After confirmation that the stimulation lead is in the right tissue location, the pointed-tip component is removed from the body, leaving the stimulation lead in place. The stimulation lead can be connected to a neurostimulator to delivery therapies to treat neural disorders, such as urinary control disorders, fecal control disorders, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain, etc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/033,592, filed on Sep. 23, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,781,603, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/506,282, filed on Jul. 21, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,634,932, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/082,271, filed Jul. 21, 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a neural stimulation lead assembly and minimally invasive implant methods associated with use of the described lead assembly. More specifically, the present invention relates to a lead assembly including a stimulation lead and a pointed-tip stylet received in a lumen of the lead. Minimally invasive method involves inserting the lead assembly into tissue without using a dilator.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many people suffer from an inability to control urinary function, i.e., urinary incontinence. Different muscles, nerves, organs and conduits within the urinary tract cooperate to collect, store and release urine. A variety of disorders may compromise urinary tract performance and contribute to incontinence. Many of the disorders may be associated with aging, injury or illness. For example, aging can often result in weakened sphincter muscles, which cause incontinence, or weakened bladder muscles, which prevent complete emptying. Some patients also may suffer from nerve disorders that prevent proper triggering and operation of the bladder or sphincter muscles.

Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel function. Fecal incontinence may be attributable to many physiological conditions, such as damage to the muscles of the rectum (e.g., the anal internal or external sphincters), nerve damage, loss of storage capacity within the rectum, and pelvic floor dysfunction.

Electrical stimulation of nerves may provide an effective therapy for a variety of disorders, including urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence. For example, an implantable neurostimulator can deliver electrical stimulation to the sacral nerve to induce sphincter constriction and thereby close or maintain closure of the urethra at the bladder neck. In addition, electrical stimulation of the bladder wall may enhance pelvic floor muscle tone and assist fluid retention in the bladder or voiding fluid from the bladder.

In current clinical practice to minimally implant a sacral stimulation lead, the procedure starts with a kit comprising a needle and a dilator that are particularly adapted to enable introduction of a neurostimulation lead into a foramen to locate a distal lead electrode(s) in operative relation to a sacral nerve. The needle is adapted to be inserted through an entry point of the skin or a skin incision posterior to the sacrum. The needle is guided along an insertion path into a foramen to locate at least a distal portion thereof extending alongside a sacral nerve. A proximal portion of the needle extends from the entry point away from the patient's skin. The dilator is inserted over the needle proximal end and advanced distally over the needle to dilate the insertion path. to that of the dilator diameter. The needle is then withdrawn through the dilator body lumen. The stimulation lead can now be advanced through the dilator body lumen to locate the lead electrode into operative relation with the sacral nerve. The dilator is then withdrawn over or removed from the stimulation lead body.

The above practice requires multiple steps and disposable components in a kit to implant the stimulation lead. This takes time and creates extra trauma around the stimulation lead. Therefore, in the current invention, a simplified implant method, and a modified stimulation lead and kit are described.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A minimally invasive implant method starts with inserting a. pointed-tip lead assembly directly into tissue. The desired implant position is determined by electric stimulation either through the stimulation lead or the pointed tip. Afterwards, the pointed-tip component is separated from the stimulation lead and removed from the tissue, leaving the stimulation lead implanted. In one variation, a needle is first inserted to identify the optimal stimulation site. After marking the needle path and position, the needle is removed and a pointed-tip stimulation lead. assembly is inserted along the marked needle path. After confirmation that the stimulation lead is in the right tissue location, the pointed-tip component of the lead assembly is removed from the body, leaving only the stimulation lead in place. This minimally invasive implant method can be practiced in a wide variety of neural stimulation applications, including sacral nerve stimulation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an implanted neurostimulator.

FIG. 2 shows a lengthwise cross-section view of stimulation lead assembly, with the proximal end of the pointed-stylet attached to the stimulation proximal end via a cap.

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2A-2A of FIG. 2.

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2B-2B of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 shows the proximal end of the stylet uncoupled from stimulation lead of FIG. 2 by removing the cap.

FIG. 4 shows how a tube being pushed over the lead to extend fin-type fixation elements attached at the lead intermediate section.

FIG. 5 shows the stimulation lead in a deployed state after separately removing the stylet and the tube used for activating the fixation elements on the lead body.

FIG. 6 shows a cross-section view of a stimulation lead assembly inserted through tissue and into a foramen, led by the pointed-tip stylet at the distal end.

FIG. 7 shows the stylet retracted from the distal end of FIG. 6 and placement of the stimulation lead. at the stimulation site.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-section view of a tube being pushed over the implant lead to activate the fixation element on the intermediate portion of the lead.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing deployment of the fixation element in tissue by the tube.

FIG. 10 shows a stimulation lead design with multiple fixation elements attached at different locations along the lead intermediate section.

FIG. 11 shows a cross-section view taken along line 11-11 of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 shows an activation tube used to deploy the fixation elements shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view along line 13-13 of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 shows tapered coils as fixation elements along a stimulation lead.

FIG. 15 shows the implant of stimulation lead assembly and deployment of tapered coil fixation in tissue.

FIG. 16 shows a stimulation lead assembly having an elongated pointed-tip lead carrier.

FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of the lead assembly with the pointed-tip lead carrier disengaged from the lead.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 18-18 of FIG. 16.

FIG. 19 shows a cross-sectional view of the disengagement of lead carrier from lead via rotation.

FIG. 20 shows a complete disengagement of the lead carrier from the lead after being rotated out of the way.

FIG. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of the lead after implantation, with both the stylet and the lead carrier. removed from the implant site.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a first minimally invasive method embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a second minimally invasive method embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an implanted neurostimulator 26 for stimulating sacral nerves 27 located near the sacrum 28. The sacral nerves are accessible through an entry point in the skin along an insertion path 33 into a foramen 31 to reach a desired location 35. A neurostimulation system can include a stimulation lead 30, an optional lead extension 32, an implantable neurostimulator 26, a physician programmer (not shown), and a patient programmer (not shown). The stimulation lead 30 has electrical contacts 34 positioned on the distal end to stimulate nerves, and connectors (not shown) on the proximal end to connect to a lead extension or directly to the implantable neurostimulator 26.

The implantable neurostimulator 26 provides a programmable stimulation signal that is delivered to a desired location to stimulate selected nerves. The implantable neurostimulator 26 is typically implanted in a subcutaneous pocket around the upper buttocks, sometime after the stimulation lead 30 has been implanted and its effectiveness verified. The physician programmer is used by the clinician to program the stimulation signal produced by the implantable neurostimulator 26. The patient programmer allows the patient to communicate with the implantable neurostimulator to control certain parameters of the stimulation signal typically selected by a clinician. For example, with a pelvic floor disorder, a patient can typically control stimulation signal parameters such as voltage amplitude.

As a preferred embodiment of the current. invention, FIG. 2 shows a lead assembly 36 comprising a stimulation lead. 37 and a pointed tip stylet 60. The stimulation lead 37 has a proximal portion 38, a distal portion 40 and an intermediate portion 39. As one of the preferred embodiments, the distal portion has four electrical contacts 44, 46, 48 and 50 serving as stimulation electrodes. These contacts can be made of iridium/platinum alloy rings. The lead proximal portion also has four electrical connectors 52, 54, 56 and 58 for connecting the lead proximal portion 38 to the neurostimulator 26. These electric connectors can be made of stainless steel rings.

Electric pulses from the neurostimulator 26 run through the proximal connectors 52, 54, 56 and 58 and along the lead body to the distal electrodes 44, 46, 48 and 50 via respective electrical wires 61A, 61B, 61C and 61D (FIG. 2A). For example, as shown in FIGS. 2, 2B and 3, the distal electrode 44 is connected by wire 66D to the proximal connector 52 and electrode 48 is connected by wire 66B to the proximal connector 56. These wires are embedded in the lead insulation body 70 (FIG. 2A). The connection of a wire at its ends to a distal electrode and a proximal connector can be achieved by various means, for example, laser welding. This is shown in FIG. 2A where a laser welded connection 68 links wire 61A to electrode 50.

Typically the insulation portion of the lead body is made of biocompatible silicone or polyurethane. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the proximal connectors 52, 54, 56 and 58 and distal electrodes 44, 46, 48 and 50 can be partially embedded in the lead body to form a diametric profile and to minimize trauma during lead implant. This partial embedding can be achieved by grinding or thermal reflow.

The lead body has a central lumen 41 extending from the proximal portion 38 to the distal end 40. The stylet 60 runs through the central lumen thereof. The stylet 60 has a distal end 64 with a pointed tip 65. In use, the distal end 64 extends out of the lead body a sufficient distance to expose the pointed tip 65. The stylet 60 also has a coupling element 62 at its proximal portion 63 that couples with the lead proximal portion 38. As shown in FIG. 2, this coupling element 62 can be a removable cap attached at the stylet proximal end 63. As a variation in a preferred embodiment, this coupling element can also be removably attached to the stylet proximal end 63 and lead proximal portion 38, for example a clamp holding the lead and the stylet together.

During insertion of the lead assembly 36 into tissue, the coupling element 62 helps prevent stylet movement inside the lumen 41. That is so the lead assembly 36 can be inserted as a single unit by holding both its intermediate portion 39 and optionally its proximal portion 38.

As shown in FIG. 3, after the lead 36 assembly is inserted into tissue, the coupling element 62 is removed and the stylet 60 moved back and forth within the central lumen 41 by pulling or pushing its proximal end against the lead proximal portion 38. The stylet 60 can be made of metal that is electrically conductive. That is so electric pulses can be fed from its proximal end into its distal end 64 where the pulses will evoke a patient motor or sensory response. To enhance the accuracy and localization during the desired stimulation site probing process, the stylet distal end can be partially insulated, for example by a thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), with only the tip 65 being left exposed. By moving the pointed-tip stylet freely inside the lead central lumen 41, a desired stimulation location can be probed by the stylet 60, preferably aided by the patient motor or sensory response.

Once a desired stimulation location has been identified using the tip 65 of the stylet 60, the lead 37 is positioned close to the desired location by holding the intermediate portion 39 and pushing the lead forward over the stylet. To facilitate lead advancement through tissue over the stylet, FIG. 2B shows a tapered end 42 at the lead distal portion 40. The final location of the lead can be verified by feeding electric pulses from at least one of the lead proximal connectors 52 to 58 to at least one of the distal electrodes 44 to 50.

Once verification of the desired lead placement is complete, it is necessary to anchor the lead, for example by a fixation element build on the stimulation lead 37. This fixation element is deployed into tissue surrounding the lead. Once deployed, the fixation element prevents lead movement in both longitudinal and lateral directions.

As shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, one preferred embodiment of a fixation element is of a fin-like structure 66. The fins 66 are finger-like structures having an length. substantially longer than their diameter or width taken along a cross-section. perpendicular to the length thereof. They are preferably of an elastic material, for example, of polyurethane or silicone and only one of their ends is attached on the outer surface of the lead intermediate portion 39. Attachment can be achieved by injection molding or adhesive bonding. Before the fixation fins 66 are deployed into tissue, the opposite ends of the fins should be pointed toward the lead proximal portion 38. That is in order to reduce resistance when entering tissue during the lead insertion process. After the desired stimulation location is identified and the fixation fins 66 are ready to be deployed, a preferred embodiment of the current invention includes a tube 72 (FIG. 4). The tube 72 is positioned over the lead body and pushed down from the proximal portion 38 toward the lead intermediate portion 39 until the distal tube end 74 touches the fixation fins 66. Tube 72 first touches the non-attached ends of the fins 66 and pushes them away from the lead intermediate portion 39. This movement stops when the tube 72 contacts the attached ends of the fins 66. Thus, the fixation element is moved from its initial state (FIG. 2) into its final deployed state (FIG. 4) via tube 72. FIG. 5 shows the lead with the fixation fins 66 deployed and the tube 72 removed from the lead 37.

As a preferred embodiment of the current invention, FIGS. 6 to 9 show a minimally invasive method for implanting the above-described stimulation lead-stylet assembly 36 percutaneously. The method is also described in the flowchart of FIG. 22.

Briefly, a local anesthetic is typically applied to the area where the stimulation lead-stylet assembly 36 will be implanted, for example, posterior to the sacrum 28. By using local anesthesia, an implanting clinician can include the patient's conscious sensory responses to electric stimuli to aid in placing the stimulation lead-stylet assembly 36.

The lead-stylet assembly 36 is hand guided 98 into the foramen 31 along an insertion path 33. The foramen's 31 approximate location can be found using anatomical landmarks, fluoroscopy or x-ray images. Once the lead-stylet assembly 36 has been placed inside the foramen 31, the coupling 62 between the stimulation lead and stylet is removed. The desired stimulation site can be first probed by the stylet and sensed by a variety of means such as by applying electric pulses to the stylet 60 at its proximal end 63 to evoke a patient response, such as a motor or sensory response. As shown in FIG. 7, once the stylet is in place, the tapered stimulation lead can be pushed over the stylet and moved into the identified stimulation site.

Before anchoring the lead with the fixation element 66 using the tube 72, however, verification of lead placement at the desired location should be made. This is done by feeding electric pulses to at least one of the lead proximal electric connectors 52, 54, 56 and 58, and sensing or stimulating by at least one of the lead distal electrodes 44 to 50.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show the step 100 of anchoring the lead 36. This is done by pushing the tube 72 over the lead-stylet assembly 36 until the tube contacts the fixation element 66. The force exerted by the tube distal end 74 on the fixation fins 66 pushes their non-attached ends away from the surface of the lead intermediate portion 39 and into the tissue, preferably at a fascia layer, such as the lumbosacral fascia layer. The lubosacral fascial layer may be located at different depth from the skin for different patient. For that reason, the provision of multiple fixation fins enables the clinician to successfully deploy at least one of them at the preferred lumbosacral layer are described.

A preferred embodiment comprising multiple fixation fins supported on a stimulation lead 37 is shown in FIG. 10. By way of example, this embodiment has three fin-like fixation elements 66A, 66B and 66C, each having only one end attached to the lead body. The opposite end of the fins extends away from the lead surface when it is deployed by tube 72 in a similar manner as shown in FIG. 4. These fixation elements can be made of material having elastic properties, such as polyurethane or silicone, and are similar to the fins 66 described in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. However, they are attached to the lead intermediate portion 39 at different axial locations. Initially, the non-attached ends point to the lead proximal portion 38 during insertion of the lead-stylet assembly 36. Once deployed into tissue, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 11, the three fixation elements are preferably about 120 degrees from each other.

The deployment tube 72 shown in FIG. 12 has three slots 76, 78 and 80 with different lengths measured from the tube 72 distal end at the tube distal portion 74. As shown in FIG. 13, these slots are also about 120 degrees apart from each other. That is so when the tube 72 is pushed over the lead-stylet assembly 36, the length and orientation of the various slots deploys only one of the fixation fins 66A to 66C. For example, slot 76 only deploys fixation element 66A, slot 78 only deploys a respective fixation element 66B, and slot 80 only deploys fixation element 66C.

FIG. 14 shows another preferred embodiment of a fixation structure. In this embodiment, there are three tapered coils 82A, 82B and 82C, each having a smaller diameter end and a larger diameter end. Only the smaller diameter end is attached to the surface of the lead intermediate portion 39 with the remainder of the coil surrounding the perimeter of the lead. The tapered coils can be twisted in one direction at their larger end. This causes their larger diameters to shrink so that the coil fits into a tube 73 whose inner diameter is smaller than the coil's uncoiled diameter. The lead-stylet assembly in this case will also include the tube 73 covering only the lead intermediate portion 39 and part of lead distal portion 38 (not shown).

During the implanting process shown in FIG. 15, the entire lead assembly including the tube 73 is inserted into body tissue. After the desired stimulation site has been identified by the pointed stylet 60 and the fixation elements 82A, 825 and 82C are ready to be deployed, the tube 73 is retracted from the stimulation lead. As this movement takes place, the coils are released from inside the tube 73 and expand like a torsion spring surrounding the lead. At least one of the tapered coils is preferably expanded within the lumbosacral fascial layer. These tapered coils are preferably made of biocompatible metals, such as stainless steel, platinum, titanium, NP35N, or nitinol.

While the larger ends of the coils are shown facing distally, that is not necessary. In an alternative embodiment, the larger coil ends can face proximally. Still further, one of the coils could have its larger end facing distally while another has its larger end facing proximally.

Referring back to the flowchart 92 shown in FIG. 22, after deployment of the fixation element into tissue, preferably in the lumbosacral fascial layer, the point-tip stylet 60 is removed 102 via the lead central lumen 41. To make sure there is no displacement of the stimulation lead during deployment of the fixation elements 66 and removal of the tube 72 or tube 73 and stylet 60, re-verification of lead position at the desired stimulation site should be repeated as described previously. Afterwards, a skin incision is made for implanting the neurostimulator, i.e., the implantable pulse generator (IPG). The lead proximal portion 38 is tunneled under the skin to bring it adjacent to the implanted IPG and then to the lead proximal connectors 52, 54, 56 and 58 are connected 106 to the appropriate IPG receptacles (not shown). After the IPG is activated, patient feedback is acquired to make sure the desired neural stimulation is achieved. Finally, the skin incisions for both the lead entry point and the IPG implant site are closed 108.

FIG. 23 shows a variation 94 of the preferred embodiment in FIG. 22 of the current invention. Instead of inserting a whole lead-stylet assembly 36, a needle similar to the stylet 60 and having a diameter much smaller than the assembly 36 is inserted first 110 to probe the desired stimulation site 112. Once the desired site is identified, the implant clinician records the needle depth and orientation as a reference, and the needle is removed. The recorded needle depth and orientation information is then used to guide insertion 96 of lead-stylet assembly 36. The remainder of the procedure steps is the same as in flowchart 92. However, comparing the flowcharts 92 and 94, it is seen that the latter enables an implant clinician to probe several sites with relatively more ease before implanting the lead assembly 36 than in the former. This helps reduce trauma to the patient and enhance therapy effectiveness.

Another variation of the preferred embodiment of the lead-stylet assembly 36 is the implant assembly shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 having an elongated carrier body 84, a lead body 37 and a stylet 88. The lead body 37 has a central lumen 41, which does not run through to the lead tip. This means that the distal end of the stylet 88 within the lead body 37 is not exposed out from the distal end of the lead tip 40. In this embodiment, the carrier body 84 has a pointed tip 86 for cutting through tissue during implantation. The side wall of the carrier body 84 is sized to accommodate the lead body 37. With the lead body 37 nested in the carrier body, the lead tip 40 resides in a longitudinal cavity 90 extending along the distal end of the carrier.

The distal end of the carrier 84 is then inserted into tissue in a similar manner as previously described with respect to the assembly 36. To disengage the carrier body 84 from the lead body 37, the clinician holds the lead body 37 and stylet 88 in place and pushes the carrier body 84 further forward, as shown by the arrow in FIG. 17. This caused the lead distal end 40 to separate from the carrier body cavity 90. To remove the carrier body 84 from the tissue, the carrier body 84 is rotated out of the way relative to the lead body 37 (FIG. 19). This ensures that the cavity 90 does not re-engage with the lead tip 40 during removal (FIG. 20). After the carrier body is removed, the lead is implanted into body tissue using either the previously described fixation fins 66 or the tapered coils. The stylet 88 is then removed, from the lead central lumen with only the stimulation lead 35 being left in place (FIG. 21).

Thus, embodiments of minimally invasive sacral lead implantation methods 92 and 94 are disclosed with many benefits. Embodiments of the methods can simplify the implant procedure, reduce trauma to the patient during implant procedure, reduce patient recovery time, and reduce healthcare costs. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced with embodiments other than those disclosed. The disclosed embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation, and the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A stimulation lead assembly, which comprises: a) a neural stimulation lead, comprising: i) an elongated, insulated lead body extending along a length from a proximal lead body portion to a distal lead body portion having a distal lead body end; ii) at least one stimulation electrode at the distal lead body portion or at the distal lead body end; iii) at least one electrical connector at the proximal lead body portion, wherein the electrical connector is configured for electrically connecting the lead to a pulse generator; iv) at least one conductor providing electrical continuity from the connector to the electrode; and v) at least one tapered coil having a smaller diameter coil end attached to the lead body and a larger diameter coil end spaced from the lead. body, vi) wherein the tapered coil is twistable from a first configuration having the larger diameter coil end at a greater distance from the lead body than in a second configuration with the larger diameter coil end closer to the lead body than when in the first configuration; and b) a tube that is sized to slide over the lead body to contact the at least, one tapered coil, twisted into the second configuration, and c) wherein when the tube is slid in a proximal direction over the lead body and toward the connector, the at least one coil is configured to uncoil from the second configuration into the first configuration.
 2. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein the tapered coil extends longitudinally along the length of the lead body from the smaller diameter coil end to the larger diameter coil end.
 3. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein there are at least two tapered coils attached at different longitudinal location along the length of the lead body.
 4. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein the larger diameter coil end faces the proximal lead body portion.
 5. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein the larger diameter coil end faces the distal lead body portion.
 6. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein there are three tapered coils at spaced locations along the length of the lead body.
 7. The lead assembly of claim 6 wherein at least one of the three tapered coils has its larger diameter end facing the proximal lead body end and at least another one of three tapered coils has its larger diameter end facing the distal lead body end.
 8. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein the tapered coil is made of a biocompatible metal selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, platinum, titanium, NP35N, Nitinol, and mixtures thereof.
 9. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein the lead body is of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of silicone, polyurethane, and mixtures thereof.
 10. The lead assembly of claim 1 wherein a hollow lumen extends along the entire length of the lead body from the proximal lead body portion to the distal lead body end.
 11. The lead assembly of claim 10 including a pointed-tip stylet sized to be housed inside the lumen extending along the lead body.
 12. The lead assembly of claim 11 wherein the stylet is longer than the lead body so that with a proximal end of the stylet detachably secured to the proximal lead body portion, a distal end of the stylet extends out past the distal lead body end.
 13. A neural stimulation lead, which comprises: a) an elongated, insulated lead body extending along a length from a proximal lead body portion to a distal lead body portion having a distal lead body end; b) at least one stimulation electrode at the distal lead body portion or at the distal lead body end; at least one electrical connector at the proximal lead body portion, wherein the electrical connector is configured for electrically connecting the lead to a pulse generator; d) at least one conductor providing electrical continuity from the connector to the electrode; and e) at least one tapered coil having a smaller diameter coil end attached to the lead body and a larger diameter coil end spaced from the lead body, f) wherein the tapered coil is twistable from a first configuration having the larger diameter coil end at a greater distance from the lead body than in a second configuration with the larger diameter coil end closer to the lead body than when in the first configuration;.
 14. The lead of claim 13 wherein the tapered coil extends longitudinally along the length of the lead body from the smaller diameter coil end to the larger diameter coil end.
 15. The lead of claim 13 wherein there are at least two tapered coils attached at different longitudinal location along the length of the lead body.
 16. The lead of claim 13 wherein the larger diameter coil end faces the proximal lead body portion.
 17. The lead of claim 13 wherein the larger diameter coil end faces the distal lead body portion.
 18. The lead of claim 13 wherein there are three tapered coils at spaced locations along the length of the lead body.
 19. The lead of claim 18 wherein at least one of the three tapered coils has its larger diameter end facing the proximal lead body end and at least another one of three tapered coils has its larger diameter end facing the distal lead body end.
 20. The lead of claim 13 wherein the tapered coil is made of a biocompatible metal selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, platinum, titanium, NP35N, Nitinol, and mixtures thereof.
 21. The lead of claim 13 wherein the lead body is of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of silicone, polyurethane, and mixtures thereof.
 22. The lead of claim 13 wherein a hollow lumen extends along the entire length of the lead body from the proximal lead body portion to the distal lead body end. 